Whereas the labour inspection system is a public function and a responsibility of government, therefore, the necessity dictates that labour inspectors shall be composed of public qualified officials, and they also have executive, regulatory, advisory, corrective, making policy and preventive important duties. Hence, In order to enforce these duties in premises, they, in addition to have certain rights and powers, should enjoy the stability and independence of the employment, so that they exercise their duties and powers in impartial manner and free of undue pressures and constraints from outside the system, in order to protect the manpower, economic sources and environment of work that are, nowadays, considered as essential elements of sustainable developments. Therefore, labour inspectors, as representatives of the State in thr world of work, are empowered considerable rights legal powers that their proper enforcement of these rights and duties constitutes the fundamental to the authority of inspectors and inspection system as a whole. Instead of these rights and powers, labour inspectors also undertake the obligations that consist of: the compliance to the principle of the impartiality in the process of the inspections, preservation of professional secrecies concerned with employers, confidentiality regarding the source of complaints and professionalism and competency.

With the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, Labour law entered a new arena, an area with new features that reflects the efforts of the International Labour Organization to introduce the minimum requirements of labour rights in support of workers, especially in hard and harmful jobs. The conventions and criteria introduced by this organization and the obligation of communities and countries to adhere to and implement them, further clarify the purpose of labour rights protection. But the achievement of these goals requires the existence of an institution or the establishment of oversight over the implementation of laws and regulations. Therefore, the International Labour Organization established the labour inspection system, which is one of the most important parts of the labour law system. The present study has used a descriptive-analytical method with the aim of pathology and expression of strategies to protect workers in hard and harmful jobs in Iranian labour law to examine some conventions and indicators of the International Labour Organization in this regard.

The article seeks to open a "portal" about the less well-known aspect of the "right to the city" from the perspective of "Labour laws". Most references to this concept have been made by urban planners and less attention has been paid to lawyers. But one can now come to an interpretation of the concept that, in addition to the urban political strategy of "going beyond current cities" or "a project to shape a different future for urban society", offers legal considerations that in the real world it is also the source of the influence of urban movements around the world and their result is the compilation of documents that have sometimes taken on the aspect of legal binding and while presenting the concept of "right to the city" as a universal demand, various examples including labor rights This concept has been offered. However, at the international level and under the influence of various "rights to the city" movements, various legal charters have been the criteria for governments to act. The method used is documentation focusing on content analysis. According to the research findings, three main factors in the formation of legal charters in the field of "labor law" derived from the "right to the city" are: 1. To draw the attention of legal scholars to the concept of the right to the city and to provide legal interpretations of this concept 2. Mainstreaming legitimate international institutions with regard to aspects of labor law arising from this concept 3. Adoption the right to the city as the agenda of civil movements in formulating claims on "labor rights" Inspired by the concept of "right to the city", various social movements have presented their demands to the legislators and the government as examples of this concept, and it is the bargaining power of these movements that determines the examples of the concept of "right to the city". Based on the review of various international experiences regarding the drafting of various charters and legal-contractual documents, it is also evident that some key examples in the field of "labor law" (right to work and employment, non-discrimination in access to work, right to organization an syndicate membership, Recognition of informal economy, labor training, improvement of working conditions, etc. ) have been included in the mentioned documents as citizens' demands and have taken on a legal and binding aspect.

The present study is extracted from an applied- developmental research in which this basic question is put forward: "Among various factors, what is the role of labour law in Iran's labour market and labour relations?" based on this problem the basic questions are as follows: 1. How flexible is the present law to create equilibrium in Iran's labour market? 2. How successful is the present law in proper regulation of labourrelations and creation of worker and employer satisfaction?In order to respond to these questions, first the data related to theoretical bases and findings of related studies were gathered through library reviews and their contents analysed. Second, standard rigidity indicators of JSL and EPL were used to quantitatively measure the flexibility of Iran's labour law. Third, analytical survey approach was used to evaluate the performance of labour law. The significance of differences were tested by squared x and SPSS. Research findings demonstrate that the rigidity and inflexibility of the current law (ratified in 1980) is much higher than those of the previous law (ratified in 1958) and those of other target countries. Findings of the survey performed among workers and employers prove the failure of law inregulating labour relations and creating satisfaction.It is concluded that the labour law should be amended to make it more flexible and to promote labour relations. Given the fact that any amendment requires a change of attitude towards labour relations and the interests of workers and employers, partnership relation model (PRM) is recommended for labour relations in Iran.

The present study was conducted by examining the views of relevant experts and their exposure to child labor in Shiraz. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews and analyzed based on grounded theory. Ten axial categories and one core category were extracted from the coding process. The core category was developed under the title of "institutional passivity and sectoralism". The results of the research showed that the causal conditions such as incompatibility and institutional and managerial confusion, diversity of perspectives to the phenomenon of child labor and non-governmental organizations and indifference towards child labor has caused the emergence of this phenomenon. Intervening conditions include: negative representation and conflicting media activities, Inhibition of some domestic and international rules and laws and child labor of nationals and the problem of identification and identity. This central phenomenon is located in special conditions and contexts due to family pressure and starting the work process in childhood, child labor as an income generating industry, child labor as a source of financial support for the family and the unique opportunity for working children, and Shiraz's oppurtunities for immigrants. The type of encounter with working children in Shiraz has caused numerous consequences that can be seen Unreasonable increase of child labor of nationals, Failure to contain and control the problem of working children, lack of proper organization and social support of working children, Anonymity of working children and persuasion and encouragement of nationals to immigrate to Shiraz.

Background and aim: Using of some methods that regulate uterine contraction and accelerate labor is necessary. One of these methods is mother's position in active phase of labour. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mother's position in active phase of labour on length of active phase, Apgar score and type of delivery.Methods: In this clinical trial study, a total of 200 pregnant women who referred to Emam Khomeyni hospital of Falavarjan were selected using simple method. They subsequently, were randomly divided in 4 groups of lateral, sitting, ambulating, and tree position. (Each group consisted of 50 women). Sampling was done during labor and a questionnaire was used for data collection. Data analysis was descriptive and analytic statistic and the software used in this research was SPSS.Results: The length of active phase in primipara, mulripara, the 5 minute Apgar, the length of the active phase in partial cephalo pelvic disproportion (CPD) and the type of delivery all were 3.57±0.52, 2.23±0.3, 2.46±0.25, and 2.25±0.16 hours, respectively. The length of "active phase in primipara was more than that in 3 others (P<0.01). Also, the mean of the second phase of pregnancy in these two groups was more than the earlier one (P<0.01). There was no difference among the four groups in the case of Apgar. However, Apgar of 8-10 in the fifth minutes in the sleep group was more than that of the other groups (P<0.001).Conclusion: Regarding the findings of this research, the mother's position except lateral position can effectively decrease the length of the active phase of labor, improve the 5 minute Apgar score and decrease rate of c/s. Mothers position in labor also improve the length of the active phase of labor in woman with partial cephalo pelvic disproportion (CPD).

Studying the nature of natural laws is a central and basic investigation in philosophy of science which penetrates well into the boundaries of epistemology and metaphysics.One of the most but interesting subjects in this regard is the "uninstantiated laws". In this paper, after explaining two main viewpoints on the nature of natural lawa, the way they treat the problem of uninstantiated laws is reported and their shortcomings are laid bare.